What do black holes do? How do they form? And what are their effects on the Universe?

Black Hole

 When a star dies, it doesn’t go away with the quiet shiver of old age.  Instead, it collapses on its own and explodes into a supernova, briefly surpassing its entire galaxy before fading within a few weeks or months.  But sometimes, the explosion doesn't stop there, and instead creates an object called a black hole, which is so dense that nothing inside can escape its gravity - not even light.  What does a black hole do?  How do they form?  And what is their impact on the universe?

 Formation of black holes from star clusters

 Most of them end up as white dwarfs, neutron stars or small red dwarfs, but others may be larger than our sun.  When a star becomes too large, it eventually collapses on its own due to its own gravity.  If it is large enough, a unit is formed at its center and all its mass is packed into an infinitely dense point of matter.  The presence of such a gravitational well bends the light around and prevents anything, including the light, from escaping.  This is how black holes have formed in nature for billions of years, and scientists believe that there is at least one supermassive black hole at the center of each galaxy.  (NASA)

Black Hole

 Black holes are like huge vacuums

 Black holes, unlike their names, don’t actually suck.  A giant vacuum cleaner can be a good match.  These are supermassive objects with such strong gravitational fields that even light cannot escape them.  Because of these powerful fields, no matter or force can escape (hence why they are called black).  If you are unlucky enough to suck a black hole, you will almost accelerate at a light speed and stretch like a spaghetti before being separated by the force of the intense tide.  The result is an incredibly tiny monotony that often emits large amounts of radiation because it dissociates everything around it.  Fun!

 Event Horizon - A strange aspect of black holes

 When we think of black holes, one of our first thoughts is the event horizon - a kind of boundary of space beyond which nothing (not even light) can escape.  The idea of ​​such a boundary is why people think that things tear as they cross, but in reality there are many things that we don’t know how the event horizon works and how things interact with them.  We also don’t know if all black holes have event horizons, or if some may be less single objects than others.  However, when something comes close to or crosses a black hole horizon, gravity becomes so intense that your speed can increase faster than light.

 Singularity (the inner part of a black hole) is a mystery

 What is singularity?  The core of a black hole is sometimes called a singularity, but it is really an area where space-time is crushed into infinite density.  At such concentrations, matter becomes unbearably hot and dense: in fact, more than a billion times more than water.  It turns out that quantum physics (the physics of very small things) begins to break down into these densities, so it is not clear how matter can exist in these densities in a stable way.  Some theories suggest that as particles move closer to this density they can tunnel into other universes outside of our own.  We also don’t understand why some of them evaporate and others don’t.

 Astronomers use a variety of telescopes to study black holes

 Astronomers use three different types of telescopes to study black holes.  Like Chile's La Sila Observatory and other observatories around the world, they have large ground-based telescopes.  Extended by gravitational lensing (as described above), they can emit large amounts of light from a single point in space.  In addition, NASA's now-defunct Hubble Space Telescope has captured some spectacular shots of galaxy clusters containing supermassive black holes at their center.  But astronomers have another way to study black holes: see how they orbit them!

 How do we know black holes exist

 Frankly, you can't see a black hole with your own eyes.  They do not emit light, so we call them black.  But based on Einstein's theory of general relativity, we know that massive stars collapse under their own gravitational force when they run out of fuel, and this creates a dense object so strong with a gravitational field that even light cannot avoid it.  The remnants of supernovae - the ones that have gone supernovae - are good examples of collapsed objects and where astronomers are so intense for gravitational fields that even light cannot escape.

 Does a supermassive black hole really destroy the galaxy?

 As we know, the biggest threat to the galaxy is the supermassive black hole (SMBH).  Many galaxies have an SMBH at their center, which can range from 10,000 to a few billion solar masses.  According to new research published in the astrophysical journal Letters, giant black holes could slowly destroy galaxies by billions of years.  The process is so slow that astronomers sometimes refer to it as death by a thousand cuts.  But this cut adds up.  Black holes pull gas away from the galaxy through gravitational tides, which means that they and gas clouds feel more attracted to the horizon from our side.

 Can we escape the black hole?

 According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, if a star collapses outside a certain point, its gravity is so intense that even light cannot avoid it.  That's when it formed what we call a black hole.  We have direct evidence of them in our own galaxy and in others as well.  But there are still some questions about this mysterious object.

 Does time stop at a black hole event horizon?

 The event horizon is the point of no return of an object-the point at which the immense gravity of a black hole absorbs light and matter, never to return.  It has long been thought that nothing could escape the region;  If something crosses that line, it will never see life again as we know it.  But, researchers have recently found that at least some of the information could be able to escape from the horizon of black hole events.  We still don't know for sure exactly how much information could come back, but here's why scientists think we could be more than the first suspicion ...

 The effects of supermassive black holes on them, the planets and us

 First, let’s be clear: supermassive black holes aren’t terrible.  Of course, if you're really close to someone (and don't go around it), you're probably going to be killed right away.  Also, if there were a supermassive black hole near Earth, we would have a pretty bad problem with time expansion and gravitational lensing-which might not kill us but make life rather boring.  But from where we are sitting here in our safe solar system, supermassive black holes do us no harm at all!